Electronic cigarettes cause much less inflammation than tobacco Prevention Observatory of the Montreal Heart Institute Offsetting the impact of smoking and e cigarette vaping on the cerebrovascular system and stroke injury: Is Metformin a viable countermeasure? ScienceDirect Carcinogen Biomarkers in the Urine of Electronic Cigarette Users and Implications for the Development of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review ScienceDirect Although research on cancer risks associated with vaping is still limited, a 2025 systematic review found substantial evidence that e cigarette exposure is associated with biomarkers reflective of cancer disease risk. This includes